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Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e
| Part 2. Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases > Section 4. Disorders of Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat > |
Disorders
Sections: Red or Painful Eye, Corneal Abrasions, Subconjunctival Hemorrhage, Pinguecula, Blepharitis, Dacryocystitis, Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Keratitis, Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster, Episcleritis, Uveitis, Posterior Uveitis, Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma, Endophthalmitis, Transient or Sudden Visual Loss, Amaurosis Fugax, Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION), Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, Optic Neuritis, Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, Toxic Optic Neuropathy, Papilledema, Optic Disc Drusen, Vitreous Degeneration, Retinal Detachment, Classic Migraine, Transient Ischemic Attacks, Stroke, Factitious (Functional, Nonorganic) Visual Loss, Chronic Visual Loss, Cataract, Glaucoma, Macular Degeneration, Central Serous Chorioretinopathy, Diabetic Retinopathy, Retinitis Pigmentosa, Epiretinal Membrane, Melanoma and Other Tumors, Proptosis, Graves' Ophthalmopathy, Orbital Pseudotumor, Orbital Cellulitis, Tumors, Carotid Cavernous Fistulas, Ptosis, Blepharoptosis, Mechanical Ptosis, Aponeurotic Ptosis, Myogenic Ptosis, Neurogenic Ptosis, Double Vision (Diplopia), Myasthenia Gravis, Oculomotor Nerve, Trochlear Nerve, Abducens Nerve, Multiple Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies, Supranuclear Disorders of Gaze, Horizontal Gaze, Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia, Vertical Gaze, Parinaud's Syndrome, Nystagmus, Jerk Nystagmus, Gaze-Evoked Nystagmus, Vestibular Nystagmus, Downbeat Nystagmus, Opsoclonus.
Topics Discussed: abducens nerve diseases; age-related macular degeneration; age-related macular degeneration, exudative; allergic conjunctivitis; amaurosis fugax; angle closure glaucoma; anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; aponeurotic ptosis; blepharitis; blindness; carotid-cavernous sinus fistula; cataract; central retinal artery occlusion; central retinal vein occlusion; central serous chorioretinopathy; chalazion; choroid neoplasms; conjunctivitis; corneal abrasion; dacryocystitis; diabetic retinopathy; diplopia; endophthalmitis; epiretinal membrane; episcleritis; exophthalmos; eye diseases; eye infection herpes simplex; eyelid ptosis; fourth cranial nerve palsy; glaucoma; glaucoma, angle-closure, acute; granuloma, plasma cell, orbital; graves' ophthalmopathy; herpes zoster ophthalmicus; hollenhorst plaque; horizontal gaze palsy; hypertensive retinopathy; internuclear ophthalmoplegia; keratitis; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; labyrinthine nystagmus; leber's amaurosis; macular degeneration; malignant neoplasm of choroid; malignant tumor of orbit; mechanical ptosis; melanoma; migraine with aura; myasthenia gravis; myogenic ptosis; nystagmus, downbeat; nystagmus, gaze-evoked; nystagmus, jerk; ocular pain; ocular palsy; oculomotor nerve; oculomotor nerve diseases; opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome; optic atrophy; optic atrophy, hereditary, leber; optic disk drusen; optic neuritis; optic neuropathy, ischemic; optic neuropathy, toxic; orbital cellulitis; papilledema; paralytic ptosis; parinaud syndrome; pathologic nystagmus; pharmacotherapy of eyes, ears, nose, and throat disorders; pinguecula; redness of eye; retinal detachment; retinitis pigmentosa; skin cancer; stroke; subconjunctival hemorrhage; toxic responses of the ocular and visual system; transient ischemic attack; trochlear nerve diseases; uveitis; uveitis, posterior; vertical gaze palsy; visual impairment; vitreous detachment.
Excerpt:"Corneal abrasions are seen best by placing a drop of fluorescein in the eye and looking with the slit lamp, using a cobalt-blue light. A penlight with a blue filter will suffice if a slit lamp is not available. Damage to the corneal epithelium is revealed by yellow fluorescence of the exposed basement membrane underlying the epithelium. It is important to check for foreign bodies. To search the conjunctival fornices, the lower lid should be pulled down and the upper lid everted. A foreign body can be removed with a moistened cotton-tipped applicator after a drop of a topical anesthetic such as proparacaine has been placed in the eye. Alternatively, it may be possible to flush the foreign body from the eye by irrigating copiously with saline or artificial tears. If the corneal epithelium has been abraded, antibiotic ointment and a patch should be applied to the eye. A drop of an intermediate-acting cycloplegic such as cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1% helps reduce pain by relaxing the ciliary body. The eye should be reexamined the next day. Minor abrasions may not require patching and cycloplegia.This term refers to a transient ischemic attack of the retina (Chap. 370). Because neural tissue has a high rate of metabolism, interruption of blood flow to the retina for..."
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