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Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e
| Part 2. Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases > Section 7. Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function > |
Chapter 44. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities
Sections: Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities: Introduction, Azotemia, Abnormalities of the Urine, Abnormalities of Urine Volume, Further Readings.
Topics Discussed: azotemia; urinary abnormalities.
Excerpt:"Normal kidney functions occur through numerous cellular processes to maintain body homeostasis. Disturbances in any of those functions can lead to a constellation of abnormalities that may be detrimental to survival. The clinical manifestations of those disorders depend on the pathophysiology of the renal injury and often are identified initially as a complex of symptoms, abnormal physical findings, and laboratory changes that together make possible the identification of specific syndromes. These renal syndromes (Table 44-1) may arise as a consequence of a systemic illness or can occur as a primary renal disease. Nephrologic syndromes usually consist of several elements that reflect the underlying pathologic processes. The duration and severity of the disease affect those findings and typically include one or more of the following: (1) reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (azotemia), (2) abnormalities of urine sediment [red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells, casts, and crystals], (3) abnormal excretion of serum proteins (proteinuria), (4) disturbances in urine volume (oliguria, anuria, polyuria), (5) presence of hypertension and/or expanded total body fluid volume (edema), (6) electrolyte abnormalities, (7) in some syndromes, fever/pain. The combination of these findings..."
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